From the book "Socialism" (Part II) by Abdullah Öcalan This text was written in the 1990s by Abdullah Öcalan. It is one of the texts that initiated the paradigm shift within the PKK (Kurdistan Workers’ Party), and more broadly within the Kurdish liberation movement. The working people, the oppressed and the exploited have always had their own world, their own world view, their own interests and based on these solidarity, organisation and struggles. The history of socialist re

In his Manifesto for a Democratic Civilisation , Rêber APO conceptualised the revolution in Kurdistan as an Internationalist Revolution that aims to create an alternative to capitalist modernity within the Middle East by developing the possibility for communal coexistence between the different nations, peoples and ethnicities of the territory under the framework of Democratic Confederalism. According to Rêber APO: “Democratic Confederalism is based on the historical experienc

by Duran Kalkan, member of the executive council of KCK in an interview with Kurdistan Report. How can we understand democratic autonomy or democratic confederalism? Is it a system that is regionally specific, only suitable to address the situation of the Kurds? I can explain democratic autonomy by giving a historical overview, as follows: the earlier concept of non-state society later became known as civil society, and stood for democratic achievements. Certain sections of s